High-Level Design (HLD)

Fundamental concepts for designing scalable systems.

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Start hereLatency, throughput & percentiles →

Foundations

4 concepts · 12 min

  1. Latency, throughput & percentiles3 min
  2. Availability, SLAs & nines3 min
  3. Back-of-the-envelope estimation3 min
  4. Queueing & utilization3 min

Networking & Communication

5 concepts · 11 min

  1. The OSI Model & TCP/IP2 min
  2. TCP vs UDP2 min
  3. DNS Resolution2 min
  4. WebSockets & Long Polling3 min
  5. HTTP/1.1 vs HTTP/2 vs HTTP/32 minDeep dive

Scaling Services

4 concepts · 12 min

  1. Vertical vs Horizontal Scaling2 min
  2. Load Balancing2 min
  3. Reverse Proxies & API Gateways2 min
  4. Consistent Hashing6 min

Caching

5 concepts · 16 min

  1. Caching Strategies4 min
  2. Cache invalidation & eviction3 min
  3. Cache failure modes3 min
  4. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)3 min
  5. Bloom filters3 minDeep dive

Storing Data

2 concepts · 4 min

  1. Relational vs NoSQL2 min
  2. Database Indexing2 min

Scaling Data

3 concepts · 7 min

  1. Database Replication3 min
  2. Sharding vs Partitioning2 min
  3. CAP & PACELC Theorems2 min

Async & Messaging

2 concepts · 4 min

  1. Message Queues & Pub/Sub2 min
  2. Event-Driven Architecture2 min

Resilience

4 concepts · 11 min

  1. Timeouts, retries, backoff & jitter3 min
  2. Rate Limiting Algorithms3 min
  3. The Circuit Breaker Pattern2 min
  4. Disaster Recovery & Redundancy3 minDeep dive

Architecture

2 concepts · 4 min

  1. Monolithic vs Microservices2 min
  2. Service Discovery & Registration2 minDeep dive